Manuka Biblio.
Leptospermum
scoparium J.R. Forst & G. Forst.
Anti-Microbial Activity.
Christolph F., Kaulfers P.M. & Stahl-Biskup E.
(2000). "A comparitive study of the in vitro anti-microbial activity of
tea tree oils s.l. with special reference to the activity of b-triketones". Planta Med. 66(6),
556-60. Abstract. The in vitro antibacterial and
antifungal activities of Australian tea tree oil, cajuput oil, niaouli oil,
kanuka oil and manuka oil as well as of a b-triketone complex isolated from
manuka oil were investigated in a constituent-oriented study. The compositions
of the oils were analysed by capillary GLC and GLC-MS. The MICs for sixteen
different microorganisms were determined applying the broth dilution method.
Australian tea tree oil showed the best overall antimicrobial effect. The best
inhibitory effects on Gram-positive bacteria and dermatophytes were achieved
with manuka oil due to its b-triketone content.
Christolph F., Kaulfers P.M. & Stahl-Biskup E.
(2001). “In vitro evaluation of the antibactericidal activity of b-triketones admixed to Melaleuca oils.” Planta
Med. 67(8), 768-771. Abstract. The in vitro antibacterial properties of mixtures of
Australian tea tree oil and niaouli oil after adding the b-triketone complex isolated from
manuka oil were tested. MIC and MBC values for four different bacteria were
determined applying the broth dilution method. Both Melaleuca oil
mixtures showed good antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus
and Moraxella catarrhalis, exceeding the effectiveness of myrtol, which
is well established in the treatment of acute and chronic bronchitis and
sinusitis. The death kinetics of S. aureus were determined to draw
subtle comparisons between the mixtures. The kill rate data indicated that both
Melaleuca oil mixtures achieved a complete kill within 240 min.
Christolph F. & Stahl-Biskup E. (2001) “Death
kinetics of Staphlococcus aureus exposed to commercial tea tree oils
s.l.” J. Essen. Oil Res. 13, 98-102. Abstract. Staphyloccus aureus
cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of Australian tea-tree oil,
cajuput oil, niaouli oil, Lema oil, kanuka oil, and manuka oil as well as of a b-triketone complex isolated from manuka oil. The death
kinetics were determined by calculation of log10 reduction factors
after increasing exposure periods. Niaouli oil turned out to be highly active,
followed by Lema (this is a registered trademark), tea tree & cajuput oils.
Kill rate data indicated that 1.0% (v/v) were lethal to the stationary phase cells
in the assay conditions used. At 2.0% (v/v) niaouli oil and Lema oil yielded a
complete 6.8 log10 reduction of cell numbers in suspensions within
60 min, whereas cells treated with tea tree & cajuput oils were inactivated
more slowly within 120 & 240 min. respectively. Kanuka & manuka oils as
well as the b-triketone complex, the active
principle of manuka oil, lacked any bactericidal properties. Their high
effectiveness against Gram-positive bacteria can be explained by bacteriostatic
effects. The results obtained with Lema oil, a blend of tea tree and a polar
fraction of manuka oil (mainly b-triketones),
gave cause to discuss synergistic effects.
Cooke & Cooke M.D. (1994) "An investigation
into the antimicrobial properties of manuka & kanuka oils" Cawthron
Report No 263, New Zealand.
Harkenthal M., Reichling J., Geiss H.K. & Saller
R. (1999) "Comparative study on the in vitro antibacterial activity of
Australian tea tree oil, cajuput oil, niaouli oil, manuka oil, kanuka oil, and
eucalyptus oil." Pharmazie 54(6), 460-463. Abstract. To compare the antibacterial activity of the
Australian tea tree oil (TTO) with various other medicinally and commercially
important essential myrtaceous oils (cajuput oil, niaouli oil, kanuka oil,
manuka oil, and eucalyptus oil) the essential oils were first analysed by GC-MS
and then tested against various bacteria using a broth microdilution method. The
highest activity was obtained by TTO, with MIC values of 0.25% for Enterobacter
aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus
mirabilis, Salmonella choleraesuis, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus
subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, S.
saprophyticus, and S. xylosus. It is noteworthy that manuka
oil exhibited a higher activity than TTO against gram-positive bacteria, with
MIC values of 0.12%. Both TTO and manuka oil also demonstrated a very good
antimicrobial efficacy against various antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus
species. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to all essential oils tested,
even at the highest concentration of 4%.
Kim, E. H. & Rhee G.J. (1999). “Activities of
ketonic fraction from Leptospermum scoparium alone and synergism in
combination with some antibiotics against various bacterial strains and fungi.”
Yakhak Hoeji (J. - Pharmaceutical Society of Korea). 43(6),
716-728.
Malone M.A., Gatehouse H.S. & Treqidqa E.L. (2001)
“Effects of time, temperature & honey on Nosema apis (Microsporidia:
Nosematidae), a parasite of the honeybee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera:
Apidae). J. Invertebrate Pathol 77(4), 258-68. Abstract. Newly emerged adult bees were fed with Nosema apis
spores subjected to various treatments, and their longevity, proportions of
bees infected, and spores per bee recorded. Spores lost viability after 1, 3,
or 6 months in active manuka or multifloral honey, after 3 days in multifloral
honey, and after 21 days in water or sugar syrup at 33 degrees C. Air-dried
spores lost viability after 3 or 5 days at 40 degrees, 45 degrees, or 49
degrees C. Increasing numbers of bees became infected with increasing doses of
spores, regardless of their subsequent food (active manuka honey, thyme honey,
or sugar syrup). Final spore loads were similar among bees receiving the same
food, regardless of dose. Bees fed with either honey had lighter infections
than those fed with syrup, but this may have been due to reductions in their
longevity. Bees fed with manuka honey were significantly shorter lived, whether
infected or not.
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